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Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy is one of the two branches of extractive metallurgy which pertains to the processes of reducing valuable, non-iron metals from ores or raw material.〔Gosh, A., and H.S. Ray. Principles of Extractive Metallurgy. 2nd Ed. New Dehli: New Age International Ltd, 1991. pp 1-10.〕〔Reardon, Arthur C. Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist. 2nd Ed. U.S.: ASM International, 2011. Pp. 11.〕〔Habashi, F. (2005). Mining, Metallurgy, and the Industrial Revolution Part 3. CIM Bulletin, 98(1091), 81-82.〕 Metals like zinc, copper, lead, aluminium as well as rare and noble metals are of particular interest in this field,〔Gosh, A., and H.S. Ray. Principles of Extractive Metallurgy. 2nd Ed. New Dehli: New Age International Ltd, 1991. pp 1-10.〕 while the more common metal, iron, is considered a major impurity.〔Potts, D.T. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 1. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. 300. Web. 22 Apr. 2013.pp. 300-302〕〔Nakamura, T. (2007). Present status and issues of non-ferrous extractive metallurgy. Journal of MMIJ, 123(12), 570-574. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/33106898?accountid=14696〕 Like ferrous extraction, non-ferrous extraction primarily focuses on the economic optimization of extraction processes in separating qualitatively and quantitatively marketable metals from its impurities (gangue).〔Waseda, Yoshio.The Structure and Properties of Oxide Melts: Application of Basic Science to Metallurgical Processing. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 1998. Pp. 174.〕
Any extraction process will include a sequence of steps or unit processes for separating highly pure metals from undesirables in an economically efficient system. Unit processes are usually broken down into three categories: pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy. In pyrometallurgy, the metal ore is first oxidized through roasting or smelting. The target metal is further refined at high temperatures and reduced to its pure form. In hydrometallurgy, the object metal is first dissociated from other materials using a chemical reaction, which is then extracted in pure form using electrolysis or precipitation. Finally, electrometallurgy generally involves electrolytic or electrothermal processing. The metal ore is either distilled in a electrolyte or acid solution, then magnetically deposited onto a cathode plate (electrowinning); or smelted then melted using an electric arc or plasma arc furnace (electrothermic reactor).〔Mathur, V.N.S.. "Waste Management in Mineral Industries-Some Considerations." Precedings of the International Conference on Environmental Management in Metallurgical Industries: EMMI 2000. Ed. R.C. Gupta. New Dehli: Allied Publisher Ltd., 2000. 87. Web. 21 Apr. 2013.〕 Extractive metallurgy of ferrous and non-ferrous metals can involve pyrometallurgy, but chemical processes like hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy are far more common in method of non-ferrous extraction.〔Review Lecture: The Winning of Non-Ferrous Metals, 1974. A. R. Burkin. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol. 338, No. 1615 (Jul. 16, 1974), Pp. 419-437.〕
Another major difference in non-ferrous extraction is the greater emphasis on minimizing metal losses in slag. This is widely due to the exceptional scarcity and economic value of certain non-ferrous metals which are, inevitably, discarded during the extraction process to some extent.〔Waseda, Yoshio.The Structure and Properties of Oxide Melts: Application of Basic Science to Metallurgical Processing. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 1998. Pp. 174.〕 Thus, material resource scarcity and shortages are of great concern to the non-ferrous industry. Recent developments in non-ferrous extractive metallurgy now emphasize the reprocessing and recycling of rare and non-ferrous metals from secondary raw materials (scrap) found in landfills.〔Metal Stocks and Sustainability. R. B. Gordon, M. Bertram and T. E. Graedel
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , Vol. 103, No. 5 (Jan. 31, 2006), pp. 1209-1214.〕〔Djokic, S., & Djokic, B. (2005). Metallic secondary raw materials recycling strategy in serbia Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/28530773?accountid=14696.〕
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